Which processing method refers to listeners using background and global knowledge to understand a message?

Top-down processing refers to a cognitive approach in which listeners draw upon their prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations to interpret and understand incoming information. This method allows individuals to make sense of messages by using context and global knowledge, which can include situational cues, themes, and the overall topic of discussion, rather than relying solely on the specific details provided in the message itself.

In scenarios where top-down processing is utilized, listeners may predict or infer certain meanings based on their existing mental frameworks, which can facilitate comprehension even in the presence of incomplete or ambiguous information. This method contrasts with bottom-up processing, where understanding starts with the input received and builds up from smaller units of meaning to larger interpretations, focusing more on the details of the message rather than the broader context.

The other choices, such as linear and sequential processing, do not capture the essence of using background knowledge to understand a message, as they typically refer to a more systematic or structured approach to processing information rather than integrating past experiences and context.