Which empire was established by Charlemagne during the early Middle Ages?

Charlemagne established the Carolingian Empire, which played a crucial role in shaping medieval Europe. He became the king of the Franks and later the Emperor of the Romans, uniting a significant portion of Western Europe under his rule in the late 8th and early 9th centuries. The Carolingian Empire is known for its cultural and political influence, especially through the promotion of learning and the arts, often referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance. This empire marked the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire and set the foundations for the modern states of France and Germany.

In contrast, the other empires listed—such as the Ottoman Empire, which arose centuries later in the 13th century, the Mongol Empire established in the 13th century, and the Byzantine Empire, which developed out of the Eastern Roman Empire—are distinct historical entities with their own unique developments and timelines.