Which civilization is known for establishing one of the first writing systems?

The civilization known for establishing one of the first writing systems is Sumer. This ancient civilization, located in modern-day Iraq, is credited with the development of cuneiform writing around 3200 BCE. Cuneiform involved the use of a reed stylus to make wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, allowing for the recording of transactions, stories, and administrative documentation, which were crucial for the functioning of their city-states.

Sumer's contribution to writing represents a significant advancement in human communication, providing a means for people to document history, laws, and literature, ultimately influencing future civilizations. The significance of this writing system extends beyond practical use as it also laid the groundwork for the development of more complex forms of writing and record-keeping in subsequent cultures.