Which act was primarily concerned with the rights of Native Americans in the 19th century?

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 is primarily associated with the rights of Native Americans during the 19th century as it sanctioned the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to designated "Indian Territory," which is present-day Oklahoma. This act was rooted in the belief that westward expansion was necessary for economic growth and prosperity, thereby undermining the rights and sovereignty of indigenous peoples.

The act led to significant suffering, including the infamous Trail of Tears, where thousands of Native Americans were forcibly moved under harsh conditions, resulting in loss of life and cultural disintegration. It reflects a period wherein the federal government enacted policies that disregarded Native American rights and autonomy in favor of settler colonial interests.

In contrast, the Homestead Act aimed at encouraging Western expansion by granting land to settlers, the Indian Reorganization Act sought to reverse previous policies and restore some governance to Native tribes, and the Native American Graves Protection Act addressed the protection of Native American burial sites and cultural items. Thus, while each of these pieces of legislation has its importance, the Indian Removal Act specifically exemplifies a direct infringement upon the rights of Native Americans in the 19th century through forced displacement.