What is the term for divisions within continents that establish various countries?

The term that best fits the description of divisions within continents that establish various countries is "political location." This term relates specifically to the organization and distribution of political entities like nations and states. Political boundaries often reflect historical treaties, conflicts, and other sociopolitical factors, defining where one country ends and another begins.

In contrast to physical location, which focuses on tangible geographical features such as mountains and rivers, political location emphasizes human-created distinctions that define governance and jurisdiction. Cultural geography pertains to how cultural practices and identities are spread across different regions, while geospatial mapping relates to the use of technology and methodologies for mapping and analyzing spatial data. These concepts are important, but they do not specifically describe the divisions that lead to the establishment of countries in the way that political location does.