What document criticized unethical practices within the Catholic Church and questioned papal authority?

The 95 Theses is a significant document in history because it was authored by Martin Luther in 1517 as a critique of various practices of the Catholic Church, particularly the sale of indulgences, which he viewed as unethical. In this document, Luther outlined his objections to the Church's practices and questioned papal authority, emphasizing the necessity of reform within the Church. The 95 Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation, leading to a profound transformation in Christianity and the establishment of various Protestant denominations.

This document specifically targeted the Church's corrupt practices and laid the groundwork for significant theological debates about authority, salvation, and the role of Scripture. The impact of the 95 Theses was monumental, not only for the Church itself but also for European society as it fostered a move towards individual interpretation of religious texts and a challenge to established religious authority.