Topographic maps provide information about which of the following?

Topographic maps are specifically designed to represent the physical features of a landscape, depicting the elevation of terrain through contour lines, along with other geographical features such as rivers, lakes, and valleys. The contour lines illustrate the shape and steepness of the land, allowing users to visualize the height of a mountain or the depth of a valley. Additionally, these maps indicate the course of rivers and streams, showing how they flow across the terrain.

In contrast, the other options do not align with the primary purpose of topographic maps. For example, population density and weather patterns relate to demographic and meteorological data respectively, while historical events concern past occurrences that are not represented in a topographical framework. Thus, the most accurate choice regarding the information provided by topographic maps is indeed related to mountain elevations and river courses.